
“生态兴则文明兴,生态衰则文明衰。”随着碳达峰碳中和目标的提出,绿色发展理念提升到全新高度。
本期围绕碳达峰碳中和主题,推荐文章《碳达峰碳中和的学理阐释与路径分析》,文章选自2022年第01期《兰州大学学报(社会科学版)》,作者庄贵阳。

刊物介绍

作者介绍
庄贵阳,经济学博士,现为中国社会科学院生态文明研究所副所长、研究员、中国社会科学院大学(研究生院)博士研究生导师。曾兼任中国社会科学院生态文明研究智库秘书长。长期从事气候变化经济学研究,是我国社科界较早从事低碳经济与气候变化政策研究并取得较为突出成绩的学者,中国社会科学院“登峰计划”气候变化经济学优势学科建设项目的学术带头人之一。
双语精要库精选文章展示
Theoreticalinterpretationandpathanalysisof“peakcarbondioxideemission”and“carbonneutrality”
庄贵阳
中国社会科学院生态文明研究所
摘要
中国主动宣示2030年前碳达峰、2060年前碳中和最新气候目标,具有提升应对气候变化行动力、引领全球气候治理、推进经济高质量发展等多重战略意义,亟待经济社会系统性、整体性转型。
Chinahasdeclaredthelatestclimategoalsofreachingpeakcarbondioxideemissionsbefore2030andcarbonneutralitybefore2060,whichareofstrategicsignificance,suchasenhancingtheactiontocopewithclimatechange,leadingglobalclimategovernanceandboostinghigh-qualityeconomicdevelopment,andurgentlyneedsystematicandholisticeconomicandsocialtransformation.
相比于现有文献,本文采用规范研究法在以下三个方面做出拓展:第一,本文厘清碳达峰碳中和的科学内涵与政策内涵。第二,本文探讨了碳达峰碳中和的理论基础,基于环境库兹涅茨假说和脱钩理论从经济学视角分析二氧化碳排放轨迹。第三,引入“环境-社会-经济”包容关系的可持续发展框架,提出碳达峰碳中和的主要路径及政策导向。
Comparedwithexistingliterature,thispaperextendstheliteraturethroughnormativeresearchinthefollowingthreeaspects.First,itclarifiesthescientificconnotationandpolicyconnotationofpeakcarbondioxideemissionsandcarbonneutrality.Second,itdiscussesthetheoreticalbasisofthegoals,andanalyzesthetrajectoryofcarbondioxideemissionsfromtheeconomicperspectivebasedontheEnvironmentalKuznetsCurvehypothesisanddecouplingtheory.Third,itintroducesthesustainabledevelopmentframeworkof“environment-society-economy”inclusiverelationship,andputsforwardthemainpathandpolicyorientationofthegoals.
碳达峰碳中和既是科学问题,也是政策问题。基于现行经济发展范式,碳达峰可分为自然达峰型、经济衰退型、经济波动型和政策驱动型四种类型。碳中和以全球剩余碳预算为基础,受到人口、经济发展、能源结构等因素的显著影响。碳达峰碳中和意味着经济发展可持续化,能源系统多元化、低碳化、智能化,产业结构高度化,以及技术创新应用规模化。基于“环境-社会-经济”包容关系的可持续发展框架,碳达峰碳中和实质上是二氧化碳排放与经济发展的关系问题,受规模效应、结构效应、技术效应和要素替代效应的复合影响。
Peakcarbondioxideemissionsandcarbonneutralityarenotonlyscientificissues,butalsopolicyissues.Accordingtotheparadigmforeconomicdevelopment,peakcarbondioxideemissionscanbedividedintofourtypes:naturalfulfillment,economicrecession,economicfluctuationandpolicy.Carbonneutralityisbasedontheglobalremainingcarbonbudget,whichissignificantlyinfluencedbyfactorssuchaspopulation,economicdevelopmentandenergystructure.Peakcarbondioxideemissionsandcarbonneutralitysignifysustainableeconomicdevelopment,diversified,low-carbonandintelligentenergysystem,high-levelindustrialstructure,andlarge-scaleapplicationoftechnologicalinnovation.Onthestrengthofthesustainabledevelopmentframeworkof“environment-society-economy”inclusiverelationship,peakcarbondioxideemissionsandcarbonneutralityareessentiallyabouttherelationshipbetweencarbondioxideemissionsandeconomicdevelopment,andinfluencedbythecompoundeffectsofscale,structure,technologyandfactorsubstitution.
碳达峰碳中和的实现将遵循控制化石能源消费、高比例发展可再生能源,发展负排放技术和自然碳汇的路径。将碳达峰碳中和简化为技术问题,忽视生产和生活方式的全面深刻转变难以实现碳中和目标背后更为根本的可持续发展。可以说,降低绿色溢价是碳达峰碳中和的充分条件,提升社会治理效能是碳达峰碳中和的必要条件。基于此,落实碳达峰碳中和要明确方向性问题,收紧目标约束,提前达峰,削峰发展。为了保障2030年前碳达峰、2060年前碳中和目标愿景如期实现,中国应科学认识碳达峰碳中和的底层逻辑,以系统思维统筹落实战略部署,以碳定价政策推进技术创新应用,以社会治理推动消费端减排,并制定差异化行动方案。
Therealizationofthegoalswillfollowthepathofcontrollingfossilenergyconsumption,anddevelopingrenewableenergyinahighproportion,negativeemissionstechnologiesandnaturalcarbonsinks.Itisdifficulttoachievemorefundamentalsustainabledevelopmentbehindthegoalofcarbonneutralitythroughsimplifyingpeakcarbondioxideemissionsandcarbonneutralityintotechnicalissues,andignoringthecomprehensiveandprofoundtransformationofproductionandlifestyle.Itcanbesaidthatloweringgreenpremiumisasufficientconditionforthegoals,andenhancingtheeffectivenessofsocialgovernanceisanecessaryconditionforthegoals.Itisnecessarytosetcleardirections,tightengoalconstraints,andreachpeakcarbondioxideemissionsandpeakclippingaheadoftimeinordertoachievethegoals.Withtheaimtoensuretherealizationofthegoalsofreachingpeakcarbondioxideemissionsbefore2030andcarbonneutralitybefore2060onschedule,Chinashouldscientificallyunderstandtheunderlyinglogic,implementstrategicplanswithsystematicthinking,promoteapplicationoftechnologicalinnovationwithcarbonpricingpolicy,propelemissionsreductionofconsumerswithsocialgovernance,andformulatedifferentiatedactionplans.
本研究在一定程度上建立起碳达峰碳中和的经济学逻辑,推动碳达峰碳中和从技术研究走向经济、政策研究,为明确政策驱动碳达峰碳中和的方向性问题提供科学支撑。
Toacertainextent,thispaperestablishestheeconomiclogicbehindpeakcarbondioxideemissionsandcarbonneutrality,pushesforwardpeakcarbondioxideemissionsandcarbonneutralityfromtechnicalresearchtoeconomicandpolicyresearch,andprovidesscientificsupportforclarifyingdirectionsofpolicy-drivenpeakcarbondioxideemissionsandcarbonneutrality.
精选段落
以减少能源消费总量为核心的“节能”,强调提高能源利用效率的“增效”,以及高比例发展可再生能源为主要途径的“替能”是改善能源消费规模效应、强度效应和结构效应,实现碳达峰碳中和目标的核心路径。此外,负排放技术和自然碳汇也是促进碳中和所不可或缺的重要力量。
“Conservingenergy”withreducingtotalenergyconsumptionasthecore,“improvingefficiency”withemphasisonenhancingenergyefficiency,and“substitutingenergy”withahighproportionofrenewableenergyasthemainapproacharethecoreroutestoimprovethescaleeffect,intensityeffectandstructureeffectofenergyconsumptionandachievetheobjectivesforpeakcarbondioxideemissionsandcarbonneutrality.Inaddition,negativeemissionstechnologiesandnaturalcarbonsinksarealsoindispensableforcestopromotecarbonneutrality.
能源结构以煤炭等化石能源为主,能源生产和利用方式粗放是中国二氧化碳排放水平居高不下,并在未来一段时间内保持上升趋势的根本原因。在以煤炭等化石能源为主体的能源电力系统中,控制能源消费规模即是控制二氧化碳排放总量。
Theenergystructuredominatedbyfossilenergysuchascoal,andextensiveproductionandutilizationmodesofenergyarethefundamentalreasonswhyChina’scarbondioxideemissionsremainhighandwillkeeprisingforsometimetocome.Inenergyandpowersystemswithfossilenergysuchascoalasthemainbody,controllingenergyconsumptionmeanscontrollingthetotalvolumeofcarbondioxideemissions.
在以煤炭为主的能源结构下,二氧化碳排放与能源消费仍具有一定的关联性。从能源供给角度来看,要立足于我国富煤贫油少气、以煤为主的基本国情,抓好煤炭清洁高效利用,保障传统能源逐步退出。同时,作为要素市场的需求方,产业类型在很大程度上决定了能源消费以及二氧化碳排放水平,两者相互影响、同步进行。因此,控制化石能源消费需重点关注工业、建筑、交通、能源等重点部门。工业部门的能源消费占全国总终端能耗的65%,是最主要的能源消费和二氧化碳排放部门。需通过提升电气化水平、创新产品、技术和工艺路线,提高系统能源利用效率等方式降低直接碳排放和钢铁、水泥、化工等生产过程的间接碳排放。建筑部门能耗约占总终端能耗的20%,且有增加趋势,需合理规划和控制建筑总规模,强化建筑节能标准,改进建筑供暖方式。交通部门占中国终端碳排放的15%,随着城镇化进程发展也有增长趋势,需统筹交通基础设施空间布局,优化交通运输结构,推进绿色交通装备标准化和清洁化,引导社会公众出行的理念和生活方式。
Underthecoal-basedenergystructure,thereisstillacertaincorrelationbetweencarbondioxideemissionsandenergyconsumption.Fromtheperspectiveofenergysupply,weneedtoproceedfrombasicnationalconditions,namelyabundantcoalresourcesbutscarceoilandnaturalgas,promotethecleanandefficientutilizationofcoal,andensurethegradualwithdrawaloftraditionalenergy.Meanwhile,industry,asthedemandsideofthefactormarket,itstypelargelydeterminesenergyconsumptionandcarbondioxideemissions,andthetwoinfluenceeachotherandproceedsimultaneously.Weshouldthereforefocusonkeysectorsincludingindustry,construction,transportationandenergyincontrollingfossilenergyconsumption.Theindustrialsector’senergyconsumptionaccountsfor65%ofthecountry’sfinalenergyconsumption,anditisthemainenergyconsumptionandcarbondioxideemissionssector.Weneedtoreducedirectcarbonemissionsandindirectcarbonemissionsfromsteel,cementandchemicalproductionprocessesbyenhancingelectrificationlevels,innovatingproducts,technologiesandprocessroutes,andimprovingenergyefficiencyofthesystem.Sincetheconstructionsector’senergyconsumptionaccountsforabout20%offinalenergyconsumptionandthereisanincreasingtrend,weneedtorationallyplanandcontrolthescale,strengthenenergyconservationstandards,andimproveformsofheatinginbuildings.Energyconsumptioninthetransportationsectoraccountsfor15%ofthecountry’sfinalenergyconsumption,andthereisalsoanincreasingtrendwiththedevelopmentofurbanization.Weneedtocoordinatethespatiallayoutoftransportationinfrastructure,optimizethetransportationstructure,promotestandardizedandcleangreentransportationequipment,andguidetheconceptofpublictravelandlifestyle.
高比例发展可再生能源、优化能源结构是实现“双碳”目标的根本对策。为了实现这一目标,必须构建以可再生能源为主体的能源电力系统,加速能源格局由煤电风光多种能源并举的多元化发展阶段转向以可再生能源为主的阶段。最终,电力系统形成“三分天下、互为补充”的格局,即可再生能源成为电量主体,并提供一定的电力支撑;大型可控电源,作为电力系统安全稳定的基石,并提供基础的调节服务;短时电池储能与必要的长时储能互补构成全时间尺度的系统调节能力。一是转变传统化石能源角色和利用方式,将火电由发电主力军转变为承担基荷、调峰和储能需求的调节、补充能源。二是发展可再生能源电力,提升可再生能源的利用水平,将传统能源的逐步退出建立在可再生能源安全可靠的替代基础上。三是通过技术和体制机制创新,促进可再生能源从西部地区向全国跨省跨区消纳,实现更大范围、更大规模的“时空转移”。
Developingrenewableenergyinahighproportionandoptimizingenergystructurearethefundamentalcountermeasurestoachievethegoals.Wemustbuildrenewableenergy-basedenergyandpowersystems,andacceleratetheshiftofenergypatternfromthediversifieddevelopmentstageofcoal,windandothertypesofenergysourcestotherenewableenergy-basedstage.Intheend,thepowersystemconsistsofthreecomplementarypartswhererenewableenergybecomesthemainstayofelectricityandprovidescertainpowersupport;largecontrollablepowersupplybecomesthecornerstoneforsafetyandstabilityofthepowersystemandprovidesbasicregulatingservices;short-termbatteryenergystorageandnecessarylong-termenergystoragecomplementeachotherandformfull-timescaleregulatingcapability.First,weneedtochangetheroleandutilizationoftraditionalfossilenergy,andconvertthermalpowerfromthemainforceofpowergenerationintoregulatingandsupplementaryenergythatmeetsneedsofbaseload,peakregulation,andenergystorage.Second,weneedtodeveloppowergeneratedfromrenewableenergy,improvetheutilizationofrenewableenergy,andbasethegradualwithdrawaloftraditionalenergyonsafeandreliablealternativerenewableenergy.Third,throughtheinnovationoftechnologies,systemsandmechanisms,wewillpromoteuptakeofrenewableenergyfromthewesternregiontocross-provincialandcross-regionalchannels,andrealize“spatialandtemporaltransfer”onalargerscale.
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文章来源:CNKI社科分社本期编辑:冯裕炳审核:王燕娜

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